15–25 years for tropical species, 30+ years for temperate. Some historical plants in Mediterranean gardens have grown for over a century.

Steam-distilled: $500–2,000/kg. Absolute: $2,000–8,000/kg. Enfleurage: $8,000–15,000/kg. CO₂ extract: $3,000–10,000/kg.

Yes, especially J. sambac. Needs 6+ hours direct sun, well-draining mix, regular watering, humidity above 50%. Move outdoors in summer.

Depends on species: J. sambac year-round in tropics, J. officinale Jun–Sep, J. polyanthum Feb–Apr, J. nudiflorum Nov–Mar.

Generally non-toxic to cats, dogs, and horses. Large quantities may cause mild GI upset. Keep essential oils away from pets.

Take 15–20 cm semi-hardwood cuttings, dip in rooting hormone, plant in sandy medium. Roots in 4–8 weeks. Layering also works.

India: $1,000–5,000/yr (smallholder). Egypt: $3,000–8,000/ha. France: $10,000–25,000/ha. Farmers receive 5–15% of retail value.

Absolute is solvent-extracted, thicker and richer (perfumery standard). Essential oil is steam-distilled, lighter and more volatile.

J. nudiflorum to -23°C, J. officinale to -15°C. Tropical species damaged below 5°C. Grow in containers and bring indoors for winter.

Fresh flowers + green tea (1:1 ratio), sealed 4–24 hours. Or steep dried jasmine flowers in hot green tea 3–5 minutes.